{"id":12881,"date":"2018-11-24T06:00:38","date_gmt":"2018-11-24T05:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.tourainegenealogie.org\/?p=12881"},"modified":"2019-03-22T12:18:03","modified_gmt":"2019-03-22T11:18:03","slug":"u-comme-uniforme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.tourainegenealogie.org\/?p=12881","title":{"rendered":"U comme Uniforme"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

U comme Uniforme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

La tenue du soldat est le r\u00e9sultat d’un compromis : il lui faut satisfaire aux contraintes du combat (protection, mobilit\u00e9), tout en restant pratique et d’un co\u00fbt raisonnable, permettre l’identification (arme, ami\/ennemi) et\u2026 \u00eatre porteur de prestige ! La fiert\u00e9 est l’un des moteurs du courage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Au d\u00e9but du XIXe, Napol\u00e9on, profitant de l’inefficacit\u00e9 relative des armes en service, fait effort sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 prestige : y-a-t-il de plus beaux uniformes que ceux de la Grande Arm\u00e9e \u00e0 l’apog\u00e9e de l’Empire ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’uniforme du soldat fran\u00e7ais est fort d’une diversit\u00e9 qui est le reflet de son organisation (Infanterie, Cavalerie, Artillerie, G\u00e9nie, Intendance, Sant\u00e9) et de son histoire (fantassin, chasseur, chasseur alpin, marsouin, l\u00e9gionnaire, zouave, tirailleur\u2026, dragon, cuirassier, hussard\u2026).
Pour simplifier nous ne parlerons que de l’Infanterie. L’uniforme des autres armes \u00e9voluera de fa\u00e7on analogue \u00e0 un rythme \u00e9quivalent.
Au tournant du si\u00e8cle (du XIXe au XXe), comme l’ont montr\u00e9 la (seconde) \u00ab\u00a0guerre des Boers\u00a0\u00bb (1899-1902) et la guerre des Balkans (1912-1913), la guerre change de nature. L’Infanterie augmente consid\u00e9rablement sa puissance de feu gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des fusils plus performants (Lebel et Berthier, Lee-Enfield, Mauser) et \u00e0 la multiplication des mitrailleuses. L’artillerie augmente ses capacit\u00e9s et ses cadences de tir. La logistique devient un vecteur majeur du combat. Le camouflage et la protection sont remis \u00e0 l’ordre du jour.
Le fantassin reste ma\u00eetre du champ de bataille, mais il lui faut s’adapter \u00e0 ce nouvel environnement pour limiter les pertes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le camouflage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La tenue de l’Infanterie de 1914, h\u00e9rit\u00e9e du XIXe si\u00e8cle, fait fi de cette probl\u00e9matique. Le pantalon garance et le k\u00e9pi rouge (heureusement recouvert en campagne d’un couvre-k\u00e9pi bleu) d\u00e9signent de loin la cible qu’est devenu le fantassin pour les nouveaux fusils (port\u00e9e accrue, cadence de tir plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e) et les mitrailleuses. Comme la Russie, l’Allemagne et la Grande-Bretagne, la France \u00e9tudiait le remplacement de ces couleurs trop voyantes par des tons plus neutres ; l’entr\u00e9e en guerre et un conservatisme archa\u00efque n’ont pas permis cette \u00e9volution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le conflit va l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer : d\u00e8s fin 1914, un sur-pantalon bleu vient recouvrir le garance. La couleur \u00ab bleu horizon \u00bb est choisie en ao\u00fbt 1915 ; ce choix est discutable, ce n’est pas le ton le plus \u00ab efficace \u00bb, mais il permet de bien se distinguer du \u00ab feldgrau \u00bb des Allemands. Les unit\u00e9s de l’arm\u00e9e d’Afrique h\u00e9riteront de la couleur kaki \u00e0 dominante moutarde. Les premiers nouveaux uniformes sont livr\u00e9s fin 1915, mais il faut attendre l’automne 1916 pour leur g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La protection<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’artillerie, gr\u00e2ce aux progr\u00e8s techniques, voit son r\u00f4le prendre de l’importance au XXe si\u00e8cle ; les nouveaux obus, en particulier les shrapnells, sont redoutablement efficaces. Les bombardements sont responsables de la majorit\u00e9 des pertes au combat. Rapidement, les rapports m\u00e9dicaux font \u00e9tat de nombreuses blessures \u00e0 la t\u00eate et de leur gravit\u00e9 (\u00e0 80 % mortelles).
Fin 1914-d\u00e9but 1915 des centaines de milliers de cerveli\u00e8res (simples feuilles pesant 250 grammes de t\u00f4le d’acier de 0,5 mm emboutie en forme de soucoupe qui se portent sous le k\u00e9pi) sont distribu\u00e9es ; elles sont inconfortables et peu efficaces.
Le casque m\u00e9tallique Adrian appara\u00eet en septembre 1915. Compos\u00e9 de 4 pi\u00e8ces (calotte, cimier, visi\u00e8re et garde-nuque) embouties dans une t\u00f4le d’acier de 7\/10e et assembl\u00e9es par agrafage, il p\u00e8se 700 grammes. Il est assez efficace contre les \u00e9clats d’obus et sauve des milliers de vies, mais n\u2019arr\u00eate pas les balles de fusil. Son port est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 en 1916. Conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la tradition fran\u00e7aise, la coiffure doit permettre la reconnaissance de l’arme d’appartenance ; sur le front du casque est donc agraf\u00e9e une grenade pour l’Infanterie, un cor pour les Chasseurs, une ancre pour les troupes de Marine, un croissant pour les troupes d’Afrique du Nord, une grenade sur ancre pour les troupes coloniales, une grenade sur canons crois\u00e9s pour l’Artillerie, un heaume sur canons crois\u00e9s pour les chars, une cuirasse pour le G\u00e9nie, une croix rouge pour les infirmiers\u2026
Force est de constater que l’uniforme du soldat fran\u00e7ais de 1914 n’est pas adapt\u00e9 au combat moderne. Il faudra deux ann\u00e9es pour \u00e9voluer vers la tenue bleu horizon et le casque Adrian caract\u00e9ristiques du Poilu de la Grande Guerre.
Il faut se garder d’en tirer des conclusions h\u00e2tives : l’inad\u00e9quation de la tenue n’est pas \u00e0 l’origine des pertes monstrueuses du premier conflit mondial. Il faut plut\u00f4t s’int\u00e9resser \u00e0 l’aberration des options tactiques comme l’offensive \u00e0 outrance\u2026 mais c’est un autre sujet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00c9ric BREUILLE, UNC section de Chambray-l\u00e8s-Tours<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U comme Uniforme La tenue du soldat est le r\u00e9sultat d’un compromis : il lui faut satisfaire aux contraintes du combat (protection, mobilit\u00e9), tout en restant pratique et d’un co\u00fbt raisonnable, permettre l’identification (arme, ami\/ennemi) et\u2026 \u00eatre porteur de prestige ! La fiert\u00e9 est l’un des moteurs du courage. Au d\u00e9but du XIXe, Napol\u00e9on, profitant de l’inefficacit\u00e9 relative Lire plus …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9606,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,11,9],"tags":[],"post_folder":[166],"class_list":["post-12881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-challengeaz","category-chambray-les-tours","category-guerre-14-18"],"yoast_head":"\nU comme Uniforme - Le Blog du Centre G\u00e9n\u00e9alogique de Touraine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.tourainegenealogie.org\/?p=12881\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"U comme Uniforme - Le Blog du Centre G\u00e9n\u00e9alogique de Touraine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"U comme Uniforme La tenue du soldat est le r\u00e9sultat d’un compromis : il lui faut satisfaire aux contraintes du combat (protection, mobilit\u00e9), tout en restant pratique et d’un co\u00fbt raisonnable, permettre l’identification (arme, ami\/ennemi) et\u2026 \u00eatre porteur de prestige ! La fiert\u00e9 est l’un des moteurs du courage. 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